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From today's featured articleThe cooperative pulling paradigm is an experimental design in which animals cooperate to pull food towards themselves. Researchers use these experiments to try to understand how cooperation works and how and when it may have evolved. Meredith Crawford ran the first such experiment in 1937, attaching two ropes to a rolling platform that was too heavy to be pulled by a single chimpanzee. In another design, a rope comes loose if only one animal pulls it, and the platform can no longer be retrieved. Researchers look for signs of cooperation, such as when an animal waits for another animal's actions before pulling the rope. Chimpanzees, bonobos, orangutans, capuchins, tamarins, wolves, elephants, ravens, and keas appear to understand the requirements of the task, and other animals sometimes manage to retrieve the food. The superior scale and range of human cooperation comes mainly from the ability to use language to exchange social information. (Full article...)
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A design by Chief Engraver of the United States Mint Frank Gasparro for the Susan B. Anthony dollar, a dollar coin minted from 1979 to 1981 and again in 1999. Proposed as a smaller replacement for the cumbersome Eisenhower dollar, the coin was initially intended to depict an allegorical representation of Liberty. However, legislative and popular demand led to the likeness of social reformer and women's rights activist Susan B. Anthony being used instead. In 1978, Gasparro began preparing a design, going through multiple versions depicting Anthony at various stages of her life before settling on an approximation of her at age 50. After the final design was approved, the dollar was first struck in 1978. Illustration: Frank Gasparro
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